Types of Manuscripts
The following types of manuscripts are published in Case Reports International:
Case Series
Case Report
Clinical Images
Letter to Editors
Review Article
Editorial
Case Series
The Case Series section reports a series of 2-6 similar cases. The cases should address a challenging diagnostic and/or therapeutic problem with possible solutions to help clinicians in managing these cases. Case series must be accompanied with a comprehensive review of literature.
Authors: Six authors maximum
Abstract: Structured abstract less than 250 words (Introduction, Case Series, Conclusion) or unstructured abstract less than 250 words following the general pattern of a structured abstract
Keywords: 3-5
Word limit: Less than 4000 words
Structure of manuscript: Introduction, Case Series, Discussion, Conclusion
Tables: 5 or less
Figures: 10 or less
References: 30 or less
Case Report
Case Reports must provide an original description of a previously unreported entity or report new presentation of a known disease or a new perspective of case which poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Case Reports should include a comprehensive review of literature.
Authors: Six authors maximum
Abstract: Structured abstract less than 250 words (Introduction, Case Report, Conclusion) or unstructured abstract less than 250 words following the general pattern of a structured abstract
Keywords: 3-5
Word limit: 4000 words maximum
Structure of manuscript: Introduction, Case Report, Discussion, Conclusion
Tables: 5 or less
Figures: 10 or less
References: 30 or less
Clinical Images
Clinical Images section includes clinical images, diagnostic or investigative images especially images in radiology, endoscopy, pathology and cytopathology. The images should be accompanied by a brief history and case discussion followed by a conclusion. Abstract is not required. The Clinical Images will undergo peer review similar to other articles.
Authors: Four authors maximum
Abstract: Not required
Keywords: 3-5
Word limit: Less than 2000 words
Structure of manuscript: Case Report, Discussion, Conclusion
Tables: 2 or less
Figures: 5 or less
References: 15 or less
Letters to the Editor
This section accepts manuscripts which report unique cases but do not qualify for other sections, results of pilot studies and comment on the articles published in the journal. An abstract is not required. The letter should not be divided into sections.
Authors: Four authors maximum
Abstract: Not required
Keywords: 3-5
Word limit: 1500 words maximum
Structure of manuscript: Start the manuscript as 'To the Editors'. Do not divide the manuscript into sections.
Tables: 1 or less
Figures: 2 or less
References: 15 or less
Review Articles
Review articles should have a comprehensive coverage of a topic in a clear and lucid language with representative figures and images. Authors can submit the articles directly to the journal or they may discuss their proposal before writing. To discuss a proposal please contact the Managing Editor through the "Contact Editorial Office" page or send an email to the Managing Editor.
Authors: Six authors maximum
Abstract: Unstructured abstract less than 250 words
Keywords: 3-5
Word limit: Less than 5000 words
Structure of manuscript: Introduction, Other headings as required by the topic
Tables: 10 or less
Figures: 20 or less
References: 100 or less
Manuscript Organization
Organize the manuscript as given below, in order:
Title Page
Abstract
3-5 Keywords
Manuscript Text
Conflict of Interest
Author's Contribution
Acknowledgements
References
Tables
Graphs/Charts
Figure Legends
General Guidelines
Start main text of the manuscript on a page separate from the abstract page.
Use a normal, plain font for text (e.g. 12-14 point Times New Roman).
Manuscripts should be double-spaced.
There should be at least one inch margin all around the text.
Number the pages consecutively, starting from the title page.
Use hard returns at the end of paragraphs, do not use an extra hard return after each line.
Do not use abbreviations in the title or abstract.
Cover Letter
Every submission must be accompanied by two essential files - COVER LETTER and MANUSCRIPT TEXT FILE.
Include the following in the Cover Letter:
Title of the manuscript
Section to which the manuscript is being submitted e.g. Review Article, Original Article, Case Report etc.
Include in the cover letter - the full name, affiliation, academic degree(s) and email addresses of all authors.
The cover letter should be signed by the corresponding author on behalf of all the authors.
The name of the corresponding author with contact address, contact phone number, email and fax number (if available) must be clearly listed.
We encourage you to use the Cover Letter Template for drafting your cover letter. You can replace the dummy text in red font with your manuscript details.
Click here to download the Cover Letter Template.
Title Page
The first page of the manuscript the 'Title Page' should include the following:
Type of manuscript (Case Series, Case Report, Clinical Image, Letter to the Editor, Review Article, Editorial)
Title of manuscript (No abbreviations in the title)
First Name and Surname of all authors
Highest academic qualification (e.g. M.D.)
Academic position in the department
Author affiliations (department, institution, city, state, country). Link author names to respective institutions by using superscript Arabic numerals.
Name of corresponding author with contact address, contact phone number, email and fax number
Include the statement - "Guarantor of Submission - The corresponding author is the Guarantor of Submission"
Short running title of the manuscript (less than 40 characters).
The corresponding author is considered the guarantor for the integrity of the manuscript as a whole. If authors want to designate anyone other than the corresponding author as the guarantor of submission, mention his/her name on the title page with contact address, contact phone number, email and fax number.
Abstract with Keywords
Abstract should start on a new page after the Title Page. The abstract must not exceed 250 words for any type of article.
Structure the abstract as given below:
Case Series - Structured (Introduction, Case Report, Conclusion) or unstructured abstract
Case Reports - Structured (Introduction, Case Report, Conclusion) or unstructured abstract
Clinical Images - Abstract not required
Letters to the Editor - Abstract not required
Review Article - Unstructured abstract (less than 250 words)
Editorial - Abstract not required
Provide 3 to 5 keywords below the abstract, which will be used for indexing purposes.
Do not list anything in the abstract that is not in the manuscript.
Introduction
In this section explain the background of the case including the known facts about disease presentation, diagnosis, management and side effects of treatment relevant to the current study. Mention if it is the first reported case of the disease or disease association.
Give here only pertinent references.
Do not review the subject extensively.
Do not include data or conclusions from the work being reported in the paper.
Objectives (Only in review articles)
Give the reason for writing the review article, e.g. lacunae in current knowledge, problems in diagnosis, problems with differential
diagnosis, difficulty in choosing a treatment for the disease.
Case Series / Case Report
Give here all the relevant details about the case(s).
Describe the patient's present and past medical history; presenting symptoms and signs; results of laboratory tests, description of any treatment or intervention.
Use text, figures and tables to present and illustrate the case.
Do not repeat data in text and tables.
Do not write figure legends in the text. List them separately after the references.
Give numeric results as absolute numbers and derivatives (percentages).
If statistical methods are used, mention their names after the statistical results.
Discussion
Give here a comprehensive review of literature.
Describe the current knowledge about the disease, its known presentations and management.
Describe how your case is different from previous reported cases and how your observations will significantly advance the current knowledge of the disease etiology, pathogenesis and management.
Do not repeat the details given in the Introduction, Case Series or the Case Report section.
Conclusion
Conclusion should highlight the main points learnt from the case in a short paragraph of 3-4 sentences.
List of Abbreviations
If abbreviations are used in the text, either they should be defined in the text when first used or a list of abbreviations can be provided before the references.
Conflict of Interest
All authors must disclose any conflict of interest they may have with an institution or product that is mentioned in the manuscript or a competing product to the one mentioned in the manuscript and/or is important to the outcome of the study presented.
All funding sources supporting the work, and institutional or corporate affiliations of the author(s), should be acknowledged here.
All conflict of interests will be listed at the end of the published article. If the author(s) gives no conflict of interests, the following sentence will be used - 'The author(s) declare no conflict of interests'.
Authors Contribution
The individual contribution of all the authors to the work described in the manuscript will be published with the article.
Once the manuscript is submitted, the order of authors cannot be changed without written consent from all the authors.
All contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be listed in the acknowledgements section.
Acknowledgements
In this section acknowledge anyone who contributed towards the study by making contributions like arranging for funds, general supervision or contribution of materials essential for the study or technical assistance. Authors must obtain permission from all persons mentioned in this section to acknowledge them.
If text and/or figures are being reprinted with the permission of an author or publisher, acknowledge them in this section.
References
Authors of the manuscript are responsible for the accuracy of references.
All references in text, tables, and legends must be identified by consecutive Arabic numerals in square brackets, listed immediately before the closing punctuation mark. E.g. [1] or [1, 2] or [1-4] or [1-4, 6] or [1, 2, 5-7] or [1, 4-5, 8, 11-16]
Any reference that is cited only in the tables or figure legends should be numbered according to the first identification of the table or figure in the main text in continuation with the sequence of citation numbering. For example:
If the last reference cited before the first citation of Figure 1 is reference [20], and the Figure 1 legend contains a reference cited only in the Figure 1 legend, that reference should be numbered as [21], and the next reference cited in the main text would be [22].
If the last reference cited before the first citation of Table 2 is reference [34], and the Table 2 legend contains a reference cited only in the Table 2 legend, that reference should be numbered as [35], and the next reference cited in the main text would be [36].
Place the references in square brackets, immediately after the author name or if author name is not included in the sentence, at the end of the sentence before the closing punctuation mark.
In the 'Reference' section, number each reference consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text (not in alphabetic order).
Each reference must have a reference number.
References should not be used in titles or headings.
List all authors up to 6; if more than 6, list the first 6 followed by 'et al.'
Abbreviate the journal titles according to the style used in Index Medicus/PubMed.
Use complete journal names for non-indexed journals.
Avoid using abstracts as references.
Avoid citing unpublished data or manuscripts, personal communications, web sites, conference papers and non-peer reviewed publications.
Avoid citing text books as references and very old references.
If personal communication is cited, it should be listed at the appropriate location in the text, in parenthesis, after punctuation. Do not include it as a reference. For personal communications include the following in parenthesis - name of individual, highest academic qualification, institute, country, year in which the information was obtained and whether it was oral or written communication. Authors who cite personal communications must obtain written permission from all cited individuals.
Please take extreme care in following the reference style given below. Manuscripts with references not formatted in the correct style will be returned to the authors for revision before being sent for Editorial Review.
References must follow the general arrangement and punctuation outlined in International Committee of Medical Journal Editors Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. Ann Intern Med, 1988;108:258-265 or Br Med J. 1988;296:401-405.
References should be typed, double-spaced, after the acknowledgements. Provide inclusive page numbers for all references.
The general format of the references is:
Author Surname followed by Initials. Article title. Abbreviated journal name year;volume(number):inclusive page numbers.
No space between - year;volume(number):inclusive page numbers.
Example of Case Reports International reference style are shown below.
Article within a journal
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Case Reports International 2012;3(4):19–22.
Web Links
Online-only Articles
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Case Reports International [serial online] 2012; vol 3, no. 4. Available at: www.ijcasereportsandimages.com/archive/2012/004-2012-Case Reports International/005-04-2012-winter/Case Reports International-00504201255-winter-full-text.php. Accessed June 22, 2010.
Volume with supplement
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Case Reports International 2012;3Suppl 1:19–22.
Issue with supplement
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Case Reports International 2012;3(4,Suppl 3):19–22.
Organization as author
Edorium Journals Group. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Case Reports International 2012;3(4):196–98.
Both personal authors and an organization as author
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N; for Edorium Journals Study Group. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Case Reports International 2012;3(4):298-306.
Volume with no issue
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Case Reports International 2012;3:19–22.
Issue with no volume
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Case Reports International 2012;(4):19–22.
No volume or issue
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Case Reports International 2012:19–22.
Article published electronically ahead of the print
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Case Reports International 2012;3(4):19–22. Epub 2012 Jan 6
Article in other language
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma (In French). Case Reports International 2012;3(4):19–22.
Article in other language with English abstract
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma (In French with English abstract). Case Reports International 2012;3(4):19–22.
In press article
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Case Reports International, In press.
Published abstract
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J, Vishwanath D, Inston N. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma [abstract]. Case Reports International 2012;3(4):s261.
Article within conference proceedings
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. In proceedings of the First Edorium Journals International Conference: 21-24 July 2011; New York. Edited by H. Winter: Edorium Journals;2012:210-14.
Conference proceedings
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. In proceedings of the First Edorium Journals International Conference: 21-24 July 2011; New York, USA. London: EdoriumJOurnals; 2012
Book
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J. Primary hyperparathyroidism diagnosis and management, 3ed. New York: Edorium Journals; 2012. p. 26-31.
Book chapter
Winter H, Field M, McDaid J. Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome. In: Vishwanath D, Inston N editors. Endocrinology Management 3ed. New York: Edorium Journals; 2012. p. 26-31.
Suggested Reading
The items included in the section of "Suggested Reading" will give readers more resources to refer to than just those given in the "References". These resources although necessary for planning and performing the study, and writing the manuscript are perhaps not directly relevant to the study to be cited in the "References" section.
Include references to articles, abstracts, books, manuals, webpages, videos, presentations or any other material you have referred to in planning and writing your study which are either not directly relevant to your study or not important enough to be cited in the text and given in the "References" section.
Any number of items can be included in this section but we suggest you to limit the number to 15 or less.
The section of "Suggested Reading" will be placed after the "References" section and will be the last section of the article.
Please DO NOT cite the items in the "Suggested Reading" section in the text of your manuscript. If it is found that the items in the "Suggested Reading" section are cited in the text of the manuscript, the manuscript will require revision to remove the same.
Tables
Tables should be provided after references and before the graphs/charts. Please follow the following order when preparing the manuscipt: Tables, Graphs/Charts, Figures
The table numbers should be cited at the relevant places in the text in parenthesis after the punctuation mark. E.g. (Table 1) or (Tables 1-4) or (Tables 1, 4, 6-8).
Each table should be numbered in the order of first citation in the text, using Arabic numerals, e. g. Table 1.
Each table should appear on a separate page.
A title for every table which summarizes the whole table must be given above the table.
Tables should be self-explanatory and not duplicate the data presented in figures.
Kindly prepare tables using the table function of word processing program like Microsoft Word. Do not use spaces or tabs for making tables.
Charts should be sent as Excel or PowerPoint files.
Place explanations, comments and full form of non-standard abbreviations in footnotes below each table.
If some material has been taken from previously published literature, give the reference at the end of the table caption, and include the citation in the list of references at appropriate places.
For footnotes use superscript lower case letters.
Figure Legends
Figures may include clinical images, radiology images, images of laboratory experiments, instruments etc..
The following file formats are accepted for illustrations: JPG, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, BMP, GIF, PowerPoint
Figure files should have a minimum resolution of 300 pixels per inch (ppi) if in color or halftone, or 1200 ppi if as line art. Digital scanned line drawings should have a minimum resolution of 800 dpi. Digital color files must be saved using CMYK or RGB mode.
Figures should be numbered consecutively according to the order in which they have been first cited in the text.
Make all efforts to preserve the anonymity of the patients. If photographs of an individual is used in which a person can be identified, written informed consent must be obtained and submitted to the Editorial Office.
Mention the figure numbers in the text at the appropriate places in parenthesis before the punctuation marks. E.g. (Figure 1) or (Figures 1A, 2) or (Figures 1A, 1C, 3-4) or (Figures 1-3) or (Figures 1, 4-6)
Do not include images in the main manuscript text file. All figures should be provided as separate files.
Include colored figures wherever possible.
The file name should include the figure number. Label file names as: Figure 1, Figure 2 etc.
Try to keep all images separate. You do not need to combine multiple images into a single image.
If it is necessary to combine multiple figures into one composite figure, figure parts should be denoted on the figure by uppercase letters (A, B, C, etc.). Label each figure in the lower left-hand corner (for Figure 1 (A), label figure as 'A', for Figure 1 (B), label figure as 'B', without quotes). Labels should not include the word 'Figure.' The size of the letters should be large enough to be easily visible in case the figure is reduced in size. Use Arial (sans serif) font to add labels. Keep letters of a consistent size in all the figures. Use font color so that the letters contrast with the background. You can use symbols, arrows or letters in the figures to indicate important areas or parts. Do not put the title of figures or explanations on the figure. Mention them in the figure legends.
Please provide legends for figures, double-spaced, on a separate page in the manuscript, with Arabic numerals corresponding to the figures.
The legends should be included in the manuscript text file immediately following the tables/graphs/charts. If multiple images are combined into one composite figure, place the legends of all images included in the composite figure together under one figure.
Figure legend should begin with the term 'Figure' followed by figure number (e.g. 'Figure 1').
Give a good description of the figures. When arrows, symbols or letters are used to identify parts of a figure, identify and explain each one in the legend. Give the magnification and identify the method of staining in photomicrographs.
Do not use any abbreviations unless their full forms are given (excluding common abbreviations such as names of antibodies).
If any person is identifiable in a photograph, written permission must be taken form the subjects(s). Please submit a copy of the permission letter at the time of submitting the Author Agreement Form.
The Journal reserves the right to modify, crop, rotate, reduce, or enlarge the photographs to an acceptable size.
If a figure has been published elsewhere, you will have to submit written permission from the copyright holder to reproduce the material at the time of submitting the Author Agreement Form.
If you include text or figures that have been published elsewhere, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner(s). All expenses for obtaining such permission will have to be paid by the author(s). If you are unable to pay for obtaining permission to use previously published work, we suggest that you use other work available free to refer and cite in your manuscript.
Guidelines for Videos
Authors are invited and encouragde to submit videos as part of the manuscript to increase the understandability and impact of the article. The videos can show new techniques, new application of old technique, procedure, data, discussion, clinical features, diagnostic tests, animated flow diagrams etc.
Types of Videos
A very wide variety of videos are accepted. Some examples of video(s) which may be submitted with the manuscript are:
Procedures (e.g. surgical procedures)
Biomedical tests (e.g. endoscopy, angiography)
Patient's clinical features, lesions
Laboratory Experiments (e.g. methods, results)
Microscopic study
Protocols
Events
Author(s) explaining data/event/procedure/part of manuscript
Author(s) summarizing or commenting on the study
Animated videos showing flowcharts, pathways, procedures
Discussion between authors
Slideshows as video files
Video Resolution
Submit a high resolution video (minimum 800x600px; preferred 1024x768px; excellent 1280x720px or above)
Video Formats
The acceptable video formats are: .avi .divx .flv .mpg .mov .mp4 .wmv
Number of Video Files
Authors have the option of submitting upto 5 video files. The manuscript can also include separate tables, graphs and figures with appropriate legends.
Video File Size
Each single video file must be less than 250Mb. If multiple video files are submitted each file can be of 250Mb or less.
Total combined file size of all submitted video files should be less than 1000Mb (1 Gigabyte).
How to Submit Videos
Videos can be submitted along with the Cover Letter and manuscript text file at the time of submitting the files through the online webform of the journal. When submitting the manuscript files including the video, please be patient as it may take some time for video to upload from your computer/laptop to our server.
To submit large files, use video compression software to compress the files before submitting.
If compression is not possible, please contact the Editorial Office about the procedure to submit large sized videos or high definition video files.
Video Editing Assistance by Editorial Office
Editing videos requires professional technical expertise and specialized software. If authors do not have access to technical expertise or want the Editorial Office to do the video editing, the technical team of the journal can provide video editing services. Authors can get the following assistance in video editing from the Editorial Office. These services are charged separately from Article Processing Charges.
Add a title page to the video
Cut non-essential parts from the video
Add marks/annotation to videos
Improve video parameter like brightness, contrast, aspect ratio etc.
Add subtitles from script provided by authors
Write the script from video and add subtitles from the script
Narration & voiceover from script provided by authors
Write the script from video and add narration & voiceover
Release Form for Human Participants
If human subjects (patients or any other individual) are shown in video/involved in research, authors must take written informed consent from all the subjects in a "Release Form". Have separate "Release Form" signed by all authors/patients/individuals shown in the video. If authors themselves are present in the video, then also a release form (one form for all authors) will be required. The release form MUST be submitted when submitting the manuscript and video files for publication. You may use your own format for the Release Form. If it is not possible to obtain a Release Form for any reason, the identifying features of human participants (e.g. face) must be blurred in the video so that the participants cannot be recognized.
Important Considerations
Use only a good quality video camera or still cameras with video recording facility to record the videos.
Video can be submitted as a single file or as multiple files (maximum five files).
Submit a high resolution video (minimum 800x600px; preferred 1024x768px; excellent 1280x720px or above).
Acceptable video formats: .avi .divx .flv .mpg .mov .mp4 .wmv
Each single video file must be less than 250Mb. If multiple video files are submitted each file can be of 250Mb or less.
Total combined file size of all submitted video files should be less than 1000Mb (1 Gigabyte).
To submit large files, use video compression software to compress the files before submitting. (e.g. Software 1 (Free), Software 2 (Free), Software 3 (Paid), Software 4 (Paid)).
If compression is not possible, please contact the Editorial Office about the procedure to submit large sized/high definition video files.
For detailed description of guidelines for videos, click here
Article Processing Charges
All work published in Case Reports International is open access, published and distributed under Creative Commons Attribution International License.
Open access publishing allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited and due credit is given to authors and original publisher.
Full-text of all articles published in Case Reports International is available online, worldwide, free of charge, immediately on publication. Readers can view, download, print, and redistribute any article without a subscription, enabling a much greater distribution of an author's work. This translates into increased impact of the authors published work.
In an open access model, authors contribute towards the processing costs of an article. Processing charges can be paid from an author's research budget or by their supporting institution.
The Article Processing Charges (APC) will be billed to the corresponding author upon acceptance of the article. There is no fee for submission of the article.
Authors are required to pay standard Article Processing Charges as mentioned here.
Edorium Journals waiver policy is given here
Read the Article Processing Charges FAQ's here
The payment can be made by Credit Card or PayPal. The details about how to make the payment will be sent to you after the manuscript has been peer reviewed and accepted for publication.
Discounts or full waiver of Article Processing Charges may be granted. The amount of discount will depend on factors such as country of origin, position of the author in the institute and quality and originality of the work.
To apply for a waiver, contact the Editorial Office using the 'Contact Us' page giving your name, address, institution, title of the paper, a short summary of the work and reason for requesting a waiver.
Please DO NOT submit your manuscript before you have received the decision from the Editorial Office. You will be informed of the decision on the waiver application within three working days. Please understand that waivers are granted on a case by case basis and there is no guarantee that a discount or waiver will be granted.
