Pulmonary embolism identified prior to anesthesia induction in a low-risk patient

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the presence of mechanical obstruction in the pulmonary artery and its branches due to substances, such as thrombus, tumor, air, and fat. It is associated with various clinical symptoms based on degree and progression. The most common symptoms are dyspnea and chest pain. Other symptoms that may occur include cough, hemoptysis, orthopnea, arrhythmia in rare cases, presyncope, syncope, and hemodynamic collapse. However, clinical diagnosis may be difficult because symptoms may not appear as expected [1],[2]. We report a case of PE in the presence of multiple fractures including that of the femur. The patient was clinically diagnosed based on low oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry after arriving at the operating room and confirmed subsequent examinations.

A 21-year-old male patient was admitted after a car accident two days prior to admission. At the time of the visit, X-ray showed right femur fracture (Figure 1), third and fourth metacarpal bone fractures of the left hand, and scaphoid fracture of the right hand. The patient did not have notable past medical history.

The O₂ saturation was measured at 99% by pulse oximetry in the emergency room at the time of the visit. Ground glass opacity was seen in the right lung on chest CT, and the diagnosis was pneumonia. Other than fever up to 38.6 ℃ at hospitalization and on the day of surgery, there were no other specific abnormalities. However, there were no upper airway symptoms, such as cough, sputum, rhinorrhea, or dyspnea. On the day of surgery, the patient complained of momentary pain in his left anterior chest wall.

On the second day of admission, a fracture reduction operation was scheduled. Premedication was not performed. Upon arrival in the operating room, blood pressure was 160–180/70–80 mmHg, heart rate was 70–100/min, and body temperature was 37.0 °C. The pulse oximetry sensor was placed on the left second finger to measure oxygen saturation and showed SpO₂ between 71% and 76%. The device was changed to the disposable attaching type probe from the reusable glove sensor to eliminate potential device measurement errors, but the result was the same. The measurement site was changed to the left foot, and the same result was obtained. SpO₂ increased to 98–100% at 6 L/min oxygen supply through the facial mask but decreased to 73% when the oxygen supply was stopped. Arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) was performed at the left femoral artery in room air and showed severe hypoxemia with 74% saturation and 37 mmHg of PaO₂. No rash or petechiae were observed in the patient’s body. Since PE such as deep vein thrombosis, fat embolism, and venous air embolism could not be ruled out, surgery was postponed and discussed after evaluation.

The patient was transferred to a traumatic intensive care unit (TICU) with 5 L/min oxygen supply. On the Trauma Intensive Care Unit (TICU), ABGA showed PaO₂ 77.8 mmHg, saturation 95.9%, alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient 190.6 mmHg, and D-dimer 1100 ng/mL. Emergency CT pulmonary angiography showed focal contrast filling defect at the superior segmental artery of the left lower lobe (LLL) (Figure 2). A pulmonologist and thoracic surgeon were consulted based on diagnostic impression of acute pulmonary thromboembolism. Emergency CT lower extremity venography was performed but showed no evidence of deep vein thrombosis.

Enoxaparin was administered subcutaneously for seven days after TICU admission for PE treatment. The patient subsequently showed stable oxygen saturation with PaO₂ 143.2 mmHg in FiO₂ 0.36 and PaO₂ 156.1 mmHg in FiO₂ 0.32 in the TICU. On the 10th day of TICU admission, the operation proceeded under general anesthesia without any problems. On the fourth postoperative day, ABGA was performed in room air and showed PaO₂ 106.0 mmHg, which is in the normal range. Chest CT on the fifth postoperative day showed resolution of the previous focal contrast filling defect at the superior segmental artery of the LLL (Figure 3). The patient was discharged on the 13th postoperative day without complication.

Pulmonary embolism is more common in elderly patients with underlying diseases [3],[4],[5]. According to Naess et al. [6], the incidence rate of PE was three times higher in patients over 70 years than for patients aged between 45 and 69 years, and the rate for patients 45–69 years was three times higher than in patients aged 20–44 years. The incidence rate was 0.13 in the 20–24-year-old patient group.

Representative risk factors for pulmonary embolism include corticosteroids, diabetes mellitus, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypothyroidism, myocardial disease, neoplasm, trauma, sepsis, and indwelling venous catheters [7]. In this case, the patient did not have any underlying medical disease, and the only risk factor for PE was immobility for three days due to traumatic fractures. According to Menaker et al. [8], pulmonary embolism occurred in 94 of 35,424 trauma patients, and lower leg and femur trauma, as in this case, accounted for 38% of those events. In addition, about 65% of embolisms occur within two weeks of immobilization; as in this case, the frequency of occurrence within two days or less is about 7% [9].

The patient complained only of chest pain without dyspnea or cough. Although pleuritic chest pain is reported in approximately 66% of PE, the prior trauma provided the possibility of a differential diagnosis, such as contusion [9].

Vital signs that can indicate a diagnosis include hypoxia, which is a typical and important clinical feature of PE. However, not all cases of hypoxia have a PE diagnosis, and normal arterial oxygen tension is seen in massive PE in some cases [10]. Typical blood gas changes associated with PE include hypoxemia, hypocapnia, and increased A-a gradient. Using an A-a gradient can be more sensitive than judging PE by hypoxemia alone and people with an A-a gradient >53 mmHg have a poor prognosis [11],[12],[13],[14]. Because O₂ saturation was 99% by pulse oximetry and there was no dyspnea when the patient visited the emergency room, further O2 saturation measurement and ABGA were not performed during general ward admission.

On the day of scheduled surgery, the initial O₂ saturation measured in the operating room ranged from 71% to 76%. When the patient was given a facial mask and supplied 6 L/min oxygen, the saturation rose to 98–100% but decreased again in the room air, which suggested hypoxia and hypoxemia. The ABGA showed 74% saturation, severe hypoxemia of PaO₂ 37 mmHg, and an increased A-a gradient 69.0 mmHg. The O₂ saturation measurement and ABGA were not performed during general ward admission; theore, we could not determine when the hypoxia worsened, and this delayed detection of the PE event.

Wells criteria can be used when PE is suspected in hemodynamically stable patients. The calculated scores can be used to predict the probability of PE: values above 6 points indicate high risk (78.4%), values between 2 and 6 points indicate moderate risk (27.8%), and fewer than 2 points indicate low risk (3.4%). In the modified Wells criteria, a score below 4 points indicates that PE is unlikely, and a score above 4 points indicates that PE is likely. If the score is “low risk” or “moderate risk” and D-dimer concentration is less than 500 ng/mL, PE can be excluded. If the concentration of D-dimer exceeds 500 ng/mL or the Wells criteria score is “high risk,” CT pulmonary angiography should be performed immediately [9],[15]. According to the Wells criteria, the patient’s heart rate is over 100 times and the score is 1.5, indicating low risk. It also corresponds to “unlikely pulmonary embolism” based on the modified Wells criteria.

In this case, although the Wells criteria indicated a low probability, acute PE was suspected based on history of trauma and immobility. The blood test after postponing surgery showed A-a gradient of 190.6 mmHg and D-dimer of 1100 ng/mL; emergency CT pulmonary angiography focal contrast filling defect at the superior segmental artery of the LLL. Based on these results, a diagnosis of acute PE was concluded, with appropriate treatment, the operation was performed safely after oxygen saturation was stabilized.

The limitation in this case is that the potential for fat embolism has not been evaluated. The diagnosis of fat embolism is made by clinical diagnosis. Laboratory tests are used only to help in clinical diagnosis [16]. The clinical diagnosis of fat embolism requires typical clinical symptoms and exclusion of other possible diagnoses. The typical clinical symptoms of fat embolism are petechial rash, decreased level of consciousness, and shortness of breath [17]. The patient complained only of dyspnea and showed no petechial rash or decreased level of consciousness. Moreover, dyspnea is also a major symptom of PE. Based upon the immediately performed CT pulmonary angiography which showed focal contrast filling defect at the superior segmental artery of the left lower lobe (LLL), we diagnosed the patient as PE. We did not proceed with additional laboratory tests, such as urine analysis, because the case did not meet the clinical diagnosis of fat embolism. It would have been better if laboratory tests and consultations on fat embolism were conducted for a clear differential diagnosis.

Low-risk patients with mild symptoms, such as in this case, cannot be excluded from the possibility of acute complications, such as PE. Preoperative patient monitoring and preoperative anesthetic evaluation should be performed with care to identify and treat any potential risks for the patient.